Sahelanthropus tchadensis | The earliest pre-australopithecine species found in central Africa with possible evidence of bipedalism. |
7-4 | The pre-australopithecines lived between ___ mya. |
4-1 | The australopithecines lived between ___ mya. |
Speech/advanced cognition/complex material culture | These three things do not define a hominin: (They evolved long after the first hominins appeared.) |
bipedal locomotion/nonhoning chewing | Hominins have two obligate behaviors: |
Bipedalism | This is the foundational behavior of the Hominini. |
millions | Bipedalism preceded most attributes associated with humans and with human behavior by ____ of years. |
foramen magnum/s shaped spine/short ilium/long legs/inward knees/longitudinal foot arch/non opposable hallux | The 7 distinguishing characteristics in the skeleton that are associated with bipedalism: |
Foramen magnum | The position of this reflects the fact that the hominin carries its head atop its body. |
shortened ilium and pelvis | This part of hominin anatomy generally reflects changes that coincide with the shift from quadrupedalism to bipedalism. |
stabilize the hip | The reason that the gluteal muscles were reconfigured. |
Long legs | Bipeds have distinctively ___ ___ which provide the ability to stride and to do so with minimal energy. |
inward knees | This helps to place the feet below the body’s center of gravity. |
non opposable hallux | This reflects the use of this digit in helping propel the body forward. |
longitudinal arch | This acts as a kind of shock absorber, allowing the foot to sustain the demanding forces of body weight. |
tips/backs | Hominin canines wear on the ___ instead of the ___. |
crush | Humans ___ food more than apes do. |
slicing | Apes use their molars more for ___, reflecting their plant-heavy diet. |
thick/thin | Hominins have evolved ___ enamel, while apes have evolved ___ enamel, reflecting their different diets. |
9 mya | When did humans and chimps split? |
Hominins | The human side of the evolutionary tree, after humans and chimps split. |
blunt nonprojecting canine/small canine/no diastema/wear on canines and third premolars/cusps on lower third premolar equal size | The 5 distinguishing characteristics that reflect nonhoning chewing: |
Orrorin Tugenensis | A pre-australopithecine species found in East Africa that displayed some of the earliest evidence of bipedalism. |
Ardipithecus Kadabba | An early pre-australopithecine species from the late Miocene to the early Pliocene; shows evidence of a preihoning complex, a primitive trait intermediate between apes and modern humans. |
Ardipithecus ramidus | A later pre-australopithecine species from the late Miocene to the early Pliocene; shows evidence of both bipedalism and arboreal activity but no indication of the primitive perihoning complex. |
Australopithecus anamensis | The oldest species of australopithecine from East Africa and a likely ancestor to Au. afarensis. |
Australopithecus afarensis | An early australopithecine from East Africa that had a brain size equivalent to a modern chimpanzee’s and is thought to be a direct human ancestor. |
Australopithecus platyops | An australopithecine from East Africa that had a unique flat face and was contemporaneous with Au. afarensis. |
Kenyanthropus | Synonym for Australopithecus. |
Australopithecus garhi | A late australopithecine from East Africa that was contemporaneous with Au. africanus and Au. aethiopicus and was the likely ancestor to the Homo lineage. |
Oldowan complex | The stone tool culture associated with H. Habilis and, possibly, Au. garhi, including primitive chopper tools. |
Lower Paleolithic | The oldest part of the first stone tools were created and used, beginning with the Oldowan Complex. |
Australopithecus aethiopicus | An early robust australopithecine from East Africa, with the hallmark physical traits of large teeth, large face, and massive muscle attachments on the cranium. |
Australopithecus boisei | A later robust autralopithecine from East Africa that was contemporaneous with Au. robustus and Au. africanus and had the robust cranial traits, including large teeth, large face, and heavy muscle attachments. |
Australopithecus africanus | A gracile australopithecine from South Africa that was contemporaneous with Au. aethiopicus, Au. garhi, and Au. boisei and was likely ancestral to Au. robustus. |
Australopithecus robustus | A robust australopithecine from South Africa that may have descended from Au. afarensis, was contemporaneous with Au. boisei, and had the robust cranial traits of large teeth, large face, and heavy muscle attachments. |
Homo habilis | The earliest Homo species, a possible descendant of Au. garhi and an ancestor to H. erectus; |
2.6 | The earliest known tools date to about ___ mya. |
2 | The earliest evidence of brain expansion dates to sometime after ___ mya. |
2 | Hunting likely didn’t begin until after ___ mya. |
Patchy Forest Hypothesis | The idea that bipedalism arose in areas where the forest was becoming fragmented, a process that began toward the end of the Miocene. |
Provisioning hypothesis | The idea that bipedalism arose so that fathers could provide food and protection to mothers. |
Hominoids | Hominins evolved out of ____. |
pre-australopithecines | These represent the first recognizable ancestors of the lineage leading to humans. |
Sahelanthropus tchadensis | The earliest pre-autralopithecuine. |
Miocene/pliocene | Humans originated in Africa during the early ___ and late ___. |
Primitive | The brain of Sahelanthropus tchadensis was ____. |
Ardipithecus ramidus | This is one of the fossils that have transformed our understanding of the earliest period of human evolution. |
Ardipithecus ramidus | This discovery provides compelling evidence that the first hominins did not evolve in the open grasslands. |
Ardipithecus ramidus | This species was adapted to life in the trees and to life on the ground. |
Sahelanthropus tchadensis | Key features: Skull and teeth found. Tiny brain. Skull like apes’ with massive browridge. Lived in forest setting. |
Ardipithecus Kadabba | Key features: Skull, teeth, postcranial bones found. Small brain. Perihoning. Thin enamel. Curved foot phalanges. Capable of bipedalism. Less than 1 m tall. Lived in wooded setting. |
Orrorin tugenensis | Key features: Postcranial bones found. Likely bipedalism. Hand phalanx curved like apes’. Less than 1 m tall. Lived in forest setting. |
Ardipithecus Ramidus | Key features: Skull, teeth, postcranial bones found. Small brain. No perihoning. Thin enamel. Curved foot phalanges. Capable of bipedalism. 120 cm tall. Lived in wooded setting. |
Ardipithecus ramidus | The only hominin with thin enamel. |
Australopithecines | Compared with other mammals, ____ didn’t vary greatly. |
Australopithecines | As a group, ___ had a small brain, small canines, large premolars, and large molars. |
Anamensis | The oldest australopithecine species. |
Lucy | One of the most significant fossils: 40% complete skeleton of an adult female Au. afarensis, found in East Africa. |
Au. afarensis | This was an efficient, habitual biped that spent most of its time on the ground. |
Au. afarensis | They lived in various habitats, including forests, woodlands, and open country. |
nondivergent big toe | One of the most important characteristics of the Laetoli footprints is the ___ ___ ___. |
locomotion | Australopithecines were highly diverse, including in their ___. |
Homo | The genus Australopithecus evolved into two branches, one of which became the genus ___. |
Australopithecus garhi | A late australopithecine from East Africa that was contemporaneous with Au. africanus and Au. aethiopicus and was the likely ancestor to the Homo lineage. |
Au. garhi | Its teethe were larger than the earlier australopithecines’. Like Au. afarensis, beneath the nose the face had a primitive projection and a small brain. |
Au. garhi | The first hominin with a more humanlike ratio of arm length to leg length. |
Au. garhi | This primates features and its age, 2.5 mya, suggest that it was ancestral to Homo. |
Oldowan complex | The stone tool culture associated with H. habilis and, possibly, Au. garhi, including primitive chopper tools. |
Lower Paleolithic | The oldest part of the period during which the first stone tools were created and used. beginning with the Oldowan Complex. |
Oldowan complex | The first hominin culture and the earliest culture of the Lower Paleolithic. |
Pleistocene | Much of the record of early stone tool use is early ____. |
insects/meat | Early hominins most likely ate: |
Australopithecus sediba | A late species of australopithecine from South Africa that may have descended from Au. africanus, was a contemporary of Au. robustus, and expresses anatomical features found in Australopithecus and in Homo. |
Homo habilis | This showed the first substantial increase in brain size and was the first species definitively associated with the production and use of stone tools. |
bipedalism | Using tools and toolmaking is an adaptation by hominins linked to: |
femur | Evidence indicating that Orrorin Tugenensis was bipedal comes mainly from which part of the skeleton? |
In addition to a larger brain, early Homo species have smaller faces and smaller teeth | In an argument with your parents, they claim that the only difference between australopithecines and early Homo species is that the latter had a bigger brain. You argue that there are other differences, such as that…. |
on the ground | Ardi was adapted to life in the trees and: |
included the now extinct descendants of Au. afarensis | Beginning more than 3 mya, at least two lineages of hominin emerged, one that led to the genus Homo and one that: |
Au. afarensis | ____ arose around 3.5 mya and gave rise to at least two branches of hominins– later australopithecines and the genus Homo. |
monogamy and food provisioning created the necessity for bipedalism | Owen Lovejoy’s provisioning hypothesis proposes that: |
bipedalism | The foundational behavior of hominins was: |
had longer legs relative to arm length than other australopithecines | Au. garhi has be proposed as an ancestor for Homo mainly because it: |
patchy forest | The _______ hypothesis about hominin bipedalism states that energy-efficient walking on two legs arose so that hominins could search for food that was dispersed s a result of climatic changes at the end of the Miocene. |
Au. garhi | The Oldowan tool complex is attributed to __________, making that hominin species the first to use tools. |
crushing | Humans use their molars for: |
Au. aethiopicus | Robust australopithecine species include: |
Au. anamensis | The oldest australopithecine species is: |
eating foods requiring heavy chewing | Au. robustus’s large masticatory complex (large molars, face, and muscles) indicate an adaptation to: |
do not define a hominin | Speech, advanced cognition, and complex material culture: |
animal bones with cutmarks | Fossils attributed to Au. garhi were found at the Bouri site, in Ethiopia, along with: |
one was a climber and the other a biped | Two types of australopithecines were using two different types of locomotion in E Africa: |
larger faces/smaller front teeth/larger back teeth | Robust Au.’s differ from earlier Au.’s in their: |
they use spoken language | Humans differ from apes because |
nondivergent big toe/double arch/ *one more, look up in book | The Laetoli footprints demonstrate that the foot of Au. afarensis was humanlike in having a: |
Au. afarensis | The best-known australopithecine, represented by hundreds of fossils and dozens of individuals found mostly at Laetoli and Hadar, is: |
modified honing dentition/primitive apeline traits/small brain size | A preaustralopithecine most likely has the following characteristics: |
Rodman/McHenry | They proposed the Patchy Forest Hypothesis. |
Cladistic/phylogenetic | In this classification system, Chimps and Humans are similar to siblings, instead of cousins. |
7 mya/chad | S. tchadensis live around ____, and was discovered in ____. |
male-male aggression | Apes have a higher level of ___ ___, which is reflected in their larger canines. |
S. tchadensis | Anatomies: small brain, non honing chewing. massive browridge, bipedal. |
Bipedalism | This was the first thing to develop in Hominins. |
5.5 mya | Non honing chewing developed around ____. |
Traditional/gradistic | In this classification system, Chimps are more like Gorillas and Orangs than like Humans. |
3.5 mya | Material culture (tool making) developed about ____. |
1 mya | Hunting developed around ___. |
Hunting | Darwin’s theory for why bipedalism evolved was based on ____, although it has been proved incorrect. |
7 mya | Upright walking developed about ____. |
Ardipithecus | The last of the pre-astralopithcines is ____. |
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Orrorin | Anatomies: bipedal based on femur, tree climber based on hands, partially honing canines. |
sahelanthropus/orrorin/ardipithecus | The three pre-australopithecines: |
Orrorin | They lived around 6 mya in the forest, and were found in the Tugen Hills, Kenya. |