Speech, Advanced Cognition, And Complex Material Culture

Ch 10 Early Hominin Origins and Evolution

Sahelanthropus tchadensis	The earliest pre-australopithecine species found in central Africa with possible evidence of bipedalism.
7-4	The pre-australopithecines lived between ___ mya.
4-1	The australopithecines lived between ___ mya.
Speech/advanced cognition/complex material culture	These three things do not define a hominin: (They evolved long after the first hominins appeared.)
bipedal locomotion/nonhoning chewing	Hominins have two obligate behaviors:
Bipedalism	This is the foundational behavior of the Hominini.
millions	Bipedalism preceded most attributes associated with humans and with human behavior by ____ of years.
foramen magnum/s shaped spine/short ilium/long legs/inward knees/longitudinal foot arch/non opposable hallux	The 7 distinguishing characteristics in the skeleton that are associated with bipedalism:
Foramen magnum	The position of this reflects the fact that the hominin carries its head atop its body.
shortened ilium and pelvis	This part of hominin anatomy generally reflects changes that coincide with the shift from quadrupedalism to bipedalism.
stabilize the hip	The reason that the gluteal muscles were reconfigured.
Long legs	Bipeds have distinctively ___ ___ which provide the ability to stride and to do so with minimal energy.
inward knees	This helps to place the feet below the body’s center of gravity.
non opposable hallux	This reflects the use of this digit in helping propel the body forward.
longitudinal arch	This acts as a kind of shock absorber, allowing the foot to sustain the demanding forces of body weight.
tips/backs	Hominin canines wear on the ___ instead of the ___.
crush	Humans ___ food more than apes do.
slicing	Apes use their molars more for ___, reflecting their plant-heavy diet.
thick/thin	Hominins have evolved ___ enamel, while apes have evolved ___ enamel, reflecting their different diets.
9 mya	When did humans and chimps split?
Hominins	The human side of the evolutionary tree, after humans and chimps split.
blunt nonprojecting canine/small canine/no diastema/wear on canines and third premolars/cusps on lower third premolar equal size	The 5 distinguishing characteristics that reflect nonhoning chewing:
Orrorin Tugenensis	A pre-australopithecine species found in East Africa that displayed some of the earliest evidence of bipedalism.
Ardipithecus Kadabba	An early pre-australopithecine species from the late Miocene to the early Pliocene; shows evidence of a preihoning complex, a primitive trait intermediate between apes and modern humans.
Ardipithecus ramidus	A later pre-australopithecine species from the late Miocene to the early Pliocene; shows evidence of both bipedalism and arboreal activity but no indication of the primitive perihoning complex.
Australopithecus anamensis	The oldest species of australopithecine from East Africa and a likely ancestor to Au. afarensis.
Australopithecus afarensis	An early australopithecine from East Africa that had a brain size equivalent to a modern chimpanzee’s and is thought to be a direct human ancestor.
Australopithecus platyops	An australopithecine from East Africa that had a unique flat face and was contemporaneous with Au. afarensis.
Kenyanthropus	Synonym for Australopithecus.
Australopithecus garhi	A late australopithecine from East Africa that was contemporaneous with Au. africanus and Au. aethiopicus and was the likely ancestor to the Homo lineage.
Oldowan complex	The stone tool culture associated with H. Habilis and, possibly, Au. garhi, including primitive chopper tools.
Lower Paleolithic	The oldest part of the first stone tools were created and used, beginning with the Oldowan Complex.
Australopithecus aethiopicus	An early robust australopithecine from East Africa, with the hallmark physical traits of large teeth, large face, and massive muscle attachments on the cranium.
Australopithecus boisei	A later robust autralopithecine from East Africa that was contemporaneous with Au. robustus and Au. africanus and had the robust cranial traits, including large teeth, large face, and heavy muscle attachments.
Australopithecus africanus	A gracile australopithecine from South Africa that was contemporaneous with Au. aethiopicus, Au. garhi, and Au. boisei and was likely ancestral to Au. robustus.
Australopithecus robustus	A robust australopithecine from South Africa that may have descended from Au. afarensis, was contemporaneous with Au. boisei, and had the robust cranial traits of large teeth, large face, and heavy muscle attachments.
Homo habilis	The earliest Homo species, a possible descendant of Au. garhi and an ancestor to H. erectus;
2.6	The earliest known tools date to about ___ mya.
2	The earliest evidence of brain expansion dates to sometime after ___ mya.
2	Hunting likely didn’t begin until after ___ mya.
Patchy Forest Hypothesis	The idea that bipedalism arose in areas where the forest was becoming fragmented, a process that began toward the end of the Miocene.
Provisioning hypothesis	The idea that bipedalism arose so that fathers could provide food and protection to mothers.
Hominoids	Hominins evolved out of ____.
pre-australopithecines	These represent the first recognizable ancestors of the lineage leading to humans.
Sahelanthropus tchadensis	The earliest pre-autralopithecuine.
Miocene/pliocene	Humans originated in Africa during the early ___ and late ___.
Primitive	The brain of Sahelanthropus tchadensis was ____.
Ardipithecus ramidus	This is one of the fossils that have transformed our understanding of the earliest period of human evolution.
Ardipithecus ramidus	This discovery provides compelling evidence that the first hominins did not evolve in the open grasslands.
Ardipithecus ramidus	This species was adapted to life in the trees and to life on the ground.
Sahelanthropus tchadensis	Key features: Skull and teeth found. Tiny brain. Skull like apes’ with massive browridge. Lived in forest setting.
Ardipithecus Kadabba	Key features: Skull, teeth, postcranial bones found. Small brain. Perihoning. Thin enamel. Curved foot phalanges. Capable of bipedalism. Less than 1 m tall. Lived in wooded setting.
Orrorin tugenensis	Key features: Postcranial bones found. Likely bipedalism. Hand phalanx curved like apes’. Less than 1 m tall. Lived in forest setting.
Ardipithecus Ramidus	Key features: Skull, teeth, postcranial bones found. Small brain. No perihoning. Thin enamel. Curved foot phalanges. Capable of bipedalism. 120 cm tall. Lived in wooded setting.
Ardipithecus ramidus	The only hominin with thin enamel.
Australopithecines	Compared with other mammals, ____ didn’t vary greatly.
Australopithecines	As a group, ___ had a small brain, small canines, large premolars, and large molars.
Anamensis	The oldest australopithecine species.
Lucy	One of the most significant fossils: 40% complete skeleton of an adult female Au. afarensis, found in East Africa.
Au. afarensis	This was an efficient, habitual biped that spent most of its time on the ground.
Au. afarensis	They lived in various habitats, including forests, woodlands, and open country.
nondivergent big toe	One of the most important characteristics of the Laetoli footprints is the ___ ___ ___.
locomotion	Australopithecines were highly diverse, including in their ___.
Homo	The genus Australopithecus evolved into two branches, one of which became the genus ___.
Australopithecus garhi	A late australopithecine from East Africa that was contemporaneous with Au. africanus and Au. aethiopicus and was the likely ancestor to the Homo lineage.
Au. garhi	Its teethe were larger than the earlier australopithecines’. Like Au. afarensis, beneath the nose the face had a primitive projection and a small brain.
Au. garhi	The first hominin with a more humanlike ratio of arm length to leg length.
Au. garhi	This primates features and its age, 2.5 mya, suggest that it was ancestral to Homo.
Oldowan complex	The stone tool culture associated with H. habilis and, possibly, Au. garhi, including primitive chopper tools.
Lower Paleolithic	The oldest part of the period during which the first stone tools were created and used. beginning with the Oldowan Complex.
Oldowan complex	The first hominin culture and the earliest culture of the Lower Paleolithic.
Pleistocene	Much of the record of early stone tool use is early ____.
insects/meat	Early hominins most likely ate:
Australopithecus sediba	A late species of australopithecine from South Africa that may have descended from Au. africanus, was a contemporary of Au. robustus, and expresses anatomical features found in Australopithecus and in Homo.
Homo habilis	This showed the first substantial increase in brain size and was the first species definitively associated with the production and use of stone tools.
bipedalism	Using tools and toolmaking is an adaptation by hominins linked to:
femur	Evidence indicating that Orrorin Tugenensis was bipedal comes mainly from which part of the skeleton?
In addition to a larger brain, early Homo species have smaller faces and smaller teeth	In an argument with your parents, they claim that the only difference between australopithecines and early Homo species is that the latter had a bigger brain. You argue that there are other differences, such as that….
on the ground	Ardi was adapted to life in the trees and:
included the now extinct descendants of Au. afarensis	Beginning more than 3 mya, at least two lineages of hominin emerged, one that led to the genus Homo and one that:
Au. afarensis	____ arose around 3.5 mya and gave rise to at least two branches of hominins– later australopithecines and the genus Homo.
monogamy and food provisioning created the necessity for bipedalism	Owen Lovejoy’s provisioning hypothesis proposes that:
bipedalism	The foundational behavior of hominins was:
had longer legs relative to arm length than other australopithecines	Au. garhi has be proposed as an ancestor for Homo mainly because it:
patchy forest	The _______ hypothesis about hominin bipedalism states that energy-efficient walking on two legs arose so that hominins could search for food that was dispersed s a result of climatic changes at the end of the Miocene.
Au. garhi	The Oldowan tool complex is attributed to __________, making that hominin species the first to use tools.
crushing	Humans use their molars for:
Au. aethiopicus	Robust australopithecine species include:
Au. anamensis	The oldest australopithecine species is:
eating foods requiring heavy chewing	Au. robustus’s large masticatory complex (large molars, face, and muscles) indicate an adaptation to:
do not define a hominin	Speech, advanced cognition, and complex material culture:
animal bones with cutmarks	Fossils attributed to Au. garhi were found at the Bouri site, in Ethiopia, along with:
one was a climber and the other a biped	Two types of australopithecines were using two different types of locomotion in E Africa:
larger faces/smaller front teeth/larger back teeth	Robust Au.’s differ from earlier Au.’s in their:
they use spoken language	Humans differ from apes because
nondivergent big toe/double arch/ *one more, look up in book	The Laetoli footprints demonstrate that the foot of Au. afarensis was humanlike in having a:
Au. afarensis	The best-known australopithecine, represented by hundreds of fossils and dozens of individuals found mostly at Laetoli and Hadar, is:
modified honing dentition/primitive apeline traits/small brain size	A preaustralopithecine most likely has the following characteristics:
Rodman/McHenry	They proposed the Patchy Forest Hypothesis.
Cladistic/phylogenetic	In this classification system, Chimps and Humans are similar to siblings, instead of cousins.
7 mya/chad	S. tchadensis live around ____, and was discovered in ____.
male-male aggression	Apes have a higher level of ___ ___, which is reflected in their larger canines.
S. tchadensis	Anatomies: small brain, non honing chewing. massive browridge, bipedal.
Bipedalism	This was the first thing to develop in Hominins.
5.5 mya	Non honing chewing developed around ____.
Traditional/gradistic	In this classification system, Chimps are more like Gorillas and Orangs than like Humans.
3.5 mya	Material culture (tool making) developed about ____.
1 mya	Hunting developed around ___.
Hunting	Darwin’s theory for why bipedalism evolved was based on ____, although it has been proved incorrect.
7 mya	Upright walking developed about ____.
Ardipithecus	The last of the pre-astralopithcines is ____.
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Orrorin	Anatomies: bipedal based on femur, tree climber based on hands, partially honing canines.
sahelanthropus/orrorin/ardipithecus	The three pre-australopithecines:
Orrorin	They lived around 6 mya in the forest, and were found in the Tugen Hills, Kenya.